The Water Cycle

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Watercycle.shtml

a)The water cycle includes many recurring processes that never stop. These processes are; (1)

evaporation- a type of vaporization of water that occurs only on the surface of a liquid.

transpiration- the loss of water vapor from parts of plants -similar to sweating- especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots.

condensation- the change of the physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase- this is the inverse of vaporization.

precipitation- Any or all of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere- rain, hail, snow, sleet.

infiltration- liquid going into porous substance.

surface runoff- Overland flow of excess water that cannot be absorbed by the ground.

absorption- The act or process of being absorbed and made to disappear.

http://www.sanduskyriver.org

b)Lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands all come together to a watershed. Watersheds are where all of the water on a piece of land or under it goes and ends up in the same place. Streams come off of rivers, and run into lakes. It's a continuous cycle, hence the name "water cycle". 

c)There are 3 types of rivers. There's whitewaters, blackwaters, and clearwaters. They have these names because of the different clarities due to mineral content. Rivers flow towards other rivers, oceans, lakes, and seas. In some cases, rivers flow right into the ground or dry up before reaching another body of water. 

Streams can also be called branches, brooks, becks, burns, creeks, and gills. These little currents are very important for fish and wildlife migration. They're also a big factor in biodiversity.

Sometimes when there is too much precipitation these bodies of water cannot absorb or hold the water and this results in a flood. Rivers and streams can help on occasion because the water can run off and go somewhere else to even out the water levels. (2)

http://hipwader.com/2004/northern-alberta-rivers-daytrip

1) "Evaporation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation

2) "Stream - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream>.

The Earth In Space



Earth.



 a) Our solar system is located in the outer edge of the Milky Way Galaxy. While orbiting, we are traveling about 155 miles per second. (1) It has been 13.75 gigayears since the "Big Bang" happened. Our universe is possibly infinite in size, but the region visible from Earth is approximately 46 billion light years. Our nearest sister galaxy is about 2.5 million light years away. The overall density of the universe that we have recently discovered is very low, about 9.9x10^-30 grams per cubic centimeter. (2) The universe has not been the same throughout its whole history though, research shows that it seems to have expanded. Even though there are many things in space and in our universe, the universe does NOT seem to have a net electric charge, nor net momentum and angular momentum.
 

Galactic North East of Solar System.






b) "According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state which expanded rapidly. This rapid expansion caused the young Universe to cool and resulted in its present continuously expanding state." (2)







In 1912, Vesto Slipher

made the first

measurement of Doppler

shift- he

measured that of a spiral

nebula. He discovered that

almost all nebulae alike 

were receding from Earth. This and other research shows that the universe is 

expanding, supporting the Big Bang theory.  

c) Observing the Cosmic Microwave Background has

helped us determine the age of the universe because

CMB is radiation left over from an early stage in the

development of the universe. In the beginning of the universe, it was in full

thermal equilibrium. This means that photons were continually being emitted and absorbed, and everything was perfect. As the universe got bigger, it cooled to where photons could not be created, nor destroyed.  (2)

"In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered the cosmic background radiation while conducting diagnostic observations using a new microwave receiver owned by Bell Laboratories. Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of the general CMB predictions—the radiation was found to be isotropic and consistent with a blackbody spectrum of about 3 K—and it pitched the balance of opinion in favor of the Big Bang hypothesis."






1) "The Milky Way Galaxy - Zoom Astronomy." ENCHANTED LEARNING HOME PAGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/solarsystem/where.shtml


2) "Universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe#Size.2C_age.2C_contents.2C_structure.2C_and_laws

preparing for floods- project

Preparing for Floods

 

Rachel Van Aken

Global Science

5th hour

Taking Precaution

-Ask whether your property is above or below the flood stage water level.

-Learn flood warning signs and your community alert signals.

-Stockpile emergency building materials. (plywood, lumber nails, hammer and saw, shovels, and sandbags.)

-Plan and practice an evacuation route for your family. Know where you will go if there ever is a flood. 

 

Pack Emergency Supplies

-Sturdy shoes and extra clothing.

-Cash and credit cards.

-Flashlights and extra batteries.

-A portable, battery-operated radio and extra batteries.

-Emergency food, medicines and water.

-First aid kit (with manual).

Learn About Floods and BE READY!

- Know if your area is prone to floods.

- Have a place you can go if you ever have the nees to evacuate your home.

- Know about your area's flood warnings and notifications, just in case.

- Make sure your children will know what is happening and also make sure they know where to go if they are alone in the situation.





Bibliography.
http://volusia.org/storm/floods.htm

http://firstaid.about.com/od/floods/Preparing_for_Floods.htm

http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/technical-assistance/disaster-recovery/preparing-for-floods.html